django自定义用户模型
Django最方便的一点可以说就是自带的用户系统了，不过某些情况下自带的用户系统不太符合项目需求，比如你想添加几个字段怎么办？当然可以使用自定Model然后外键关联User类来实现，不过一方面关联查询的效率比直接查询效率要低，另一方面想删除系统自带用户系统的某些字段怎么办呢？
所以，自定义用户模型可以说是一种很常见的需求。这里以Django1.9为例，记录一下自定义用户模型的方法。
首先新建一个APP，我这里叫做’accounts’，为了简单起见，我只定义一个包含用户名、密码、手机号、是否有效、是否是管理员的类。编写models.py文件：
# coding=utf-8
from __future__ import unicode_literals
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import (
BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser
)
class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager):
def create_user(self, username, password=None):
"""
Creates and saves a User with the given username and password.
"""
if not username:
raise ValueError('Users must have an username')
user = self.model(
username=username,
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
def create_superuser(self, username, password):
"""
Creates and saves a superuser with the given username and password.
"""
user = self.create_user(
username,
password=password,
)
user.is_admin = True
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
username = models.CharField('username',max_length=11,unique=True)
phone = models.CharField('phone',blank=True,max_length=11)
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
objects = MyUserManager()
USERNAME_FIELD = 'username'
# REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['xxx']
def get_full_name(self):
# The user is identified by their username
return self.username
def get_short_name(self):
# The user is identified by their username
return self.username
def __unicode__(self):
return self.username
def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
"Does the user have a specific permission?"
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
return True
def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
"Does the user have permissions to view the app `app_label`?"
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
return True
@property
def is_staff(self):
"Is the user a member of staff?"
# Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff
return self.is_admin
由于不想要自带的某些字段，比如email、firstname一类的，所以继承了AbstractBaseUser，这个类只提供了password、last_login这几个基本属性。USERNAME_FIELD定义了登录的用户名是哪个，REQUIRED_FIELDS则定义了哪些是必填字段，后面的3个方法都和权限相关，为了简单这里都返回True，实际情况需要根据需求进行修改。
接下来修改admin.py，否则在管理界面是看不到自定义用户模型的：
from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField
from accounts.models import MyUser
class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
"""A form for creating new users. Includes all the required
fields, plus a repeated password."""
password1 = forms.CharField(label='Password', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
password2 = forms.CharField(label='Password confirmation', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
class Meta:
model = MyUser
fields = ('username','phone')
def clean_password2(self):
# Check that the two password entries match
password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords don't match")
return password2
def save(self, commit=True):
# Save the provided password in hashed format
user = super(UserCreationForm, self).save(commit=False)
user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"])
if commit:
user.save()
return user
class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
"""A form for updating users. Includes all the fields on
the user, but replaces the password field with admin's
password hash display field.
"""
password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()
class Meta:
model = MyUser
fields = ('username', 'password','phone', 'is_active', 'is_admin')
def clean_password(self):
# Regardless of what the user provides, return the initial value.
# This is done here, rather than on the field, because the
# field does not have access to the initial value
return self.initial["password"]
class UserAdmin(BaseUserAdmin):
# The forms to add and change user instances
form = UserChangeForm
add_form = UserCreationForm
# The fields to be used in displaying the User model.
# These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin
# that reference specific fields on auth.User.
list_display = ('username','jy_partner', 'is_admin')
list_filter = ('is_admin',)
fieldsets = (
(None, {'fields': ('username', 'password')}),
('Personal info', {'fields': ('phone',)}),
('Permissions', {'fields': ('is_admin',)}),
)
# add_fieldsets is not a standard ModelAdmin attribute. UserAdmin
# overrides get_fieldsets to use this attribute when creating a user.
add_fieldsets = (
(None, {
'classes': ('wide',),
'fields': ('username', 'phone', 'password1', 'password2')}
),
)
search_fields = ('username',)
ordering = ('username',)
filter_horizontal = ()
# Now register the new UserAdmin...
admin.site.register(MyUser, UserAdmin)
# ... and, since we're not using Django's built-in permissions,
# unregister the Group model from admin.
admin.site.unregister(Group)
这里我们定义了2个Form用于创建、修改用户时使用，然后把我们自定义的用户模型注册到管理页面中，由于我们使用自定义用户模型所以无法使用Django自带的权限系统，注意最后一句把组功能在管理后台移除。
关于权限部分可以看官网文档。
如此自定义模型后，登录时需要手动指定后端，否则会报错：AttributeError: 'MyUser' object has no attribute 'backend'
即登陆时：
user.backend = 'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend'
login(request, user)
另外，django-authtools这个项目也是关于修改默认用户模型的，不过默认使用email作为用户登录名，源码写的很好值得一看。
